There are three different ways that a set of instructions can be repeated, and each way is determined by where the decision to repeat is placed: 

• at the beginning of the loop (leading decision loop)
• at the end of the loop (trailing decision loop)
• a counted number of times (counted loop)

Repetition Using the DOWHILE Structure

The DOWHILE construct is a leading decision loop – that is, the condition is tested before any statements are executed. 

 General format:

DOWHILE condition p is true                  

                 Statement block           

ENDDO              

There are two important considerations about which you must be aware before designing a DOWHILE loop.

1. The testing of the condition is at the beginning of the loop.
2. The only way to terminate the loop is to render the DOWHILE condition false. 

When a set of instructions is repeated a specific number of times, a counter can be used in pseudocode.

For this construct two actions must be indicated:

1. The counter is initialized before the DOWHILE statement and
2. The counter is incremented before the ENDDO statement. 

Often, a trailer record or sentinel signifies the end of the data. 

This sentinel is a special record or value placed at the end of valid data to signify the end of that data. 

It must contain a value that is clearly distinguishable from the other data to be processed. 

When a trailer record does not exist – the most common approach

When there is no trailer record to signify the end of the data, the programmer needs to check for an end-of-file marker (EOF). 

This EOF marker is added when the file is created, as the last character in the file. 

The check for EOF is positioned in the DOWHILE clause, using one of the following equivalent expressions:

DOWHILE more data                                                                

DOWHILE more records

DOWHILE records exist                                                  

DOWHILE NOT EOF

Repetition Using the REPEAT…UNTIL Structure

The REPEAT…UNTIL structure is similar to the DOWHILE…ENDDO structure, in that a group of statements are repeated in accordance with a specified condition. 

However, where the DOWHILE…ENDDO structure tests the condition at the beginning of the loop; a REPEAT…UNTIL structure tests the condition at the end of the loop. 

The REPEAT…UNTIL is a trailing decision loop; the statements are executed once before the condition is tested. 

There are two other considerations about which you need to be aware before using REPEAT…UNTIL. 

1. REPEAT…UNTIL loops are executed when the condition is false; it is only when the condition becomes true that repetition ceases.
2. The statements within a REPEAT…UNTIL structure will always be executed at least once. 

 General formats:

Counted Repetition

Counted repetition occurs when the exact number of loop iterations is known in advance. The execution of the loop is controlled by a loop index.

General format:

DO loop-index = initial-value to final-value

          Statement block

ENDDO

The DO loop does more than just repeat the statement block. 

• The DO…ENDDO loop functions:   
• Initializes the “loop-index” to the “initial-value”
• Increments the “loop-index” by 1 for each pass through the loop
• Tests the value of the “loop-index” at the beginning of each pass through the loop to ensure it is in the stated range of values
• Ends the loop when the “loop-index” is greater than the “final-value”